editor
18 August 2026
Muslims of the Indian subcontinent underwent profound transformations, beginning with the decline of the Mughal Empire and the rise of British colonial rule and its educational and cultural policies, through the 1857 uprising and the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate, and culminating in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan, amid a deep intellectual and political struggle over power, identity, religion, the state, and the future of Muslims in the new world.
